EMPEROR HADRIAN: January 2026

HADRIAN AS EMPEROR

HADRIAN AS EMPEROR

Emperor Hadrian's popularity and successful reign can be attributed to several key factors that distinguished him from previous rulers:

✈️ Active Engagement and Administration

Hadrian's approach was characterized by his active, hands-on involvement with the empire, defying the precedent set by criticized rulers like Nero who spent too much time away from their duties.

Extensive Travel: Hadrian spent the majority of his reign (twelve out of twenty-one years) traveling all over the Empire, visiting the provinces.
Oversight and Administration: His travels were productive, focusing on overseeing the administration and checking the discipline of the army. He is described as a brilliant administrator who concerned himself with all aspects of government and the administration of justice.
Devotion to the Army: His popularity with the military was high, demonstrated by his willingness to sleep and eat among the common soldiers. His commitment to the military was so well-known that he is commonly depicted in military attire, even during a period of relative peace.

🏛️ Enduring Legacy of Building and Culture

Hadrian earned favor by contributing substantially to the physical and cultural life of the empire, leaving a lasting legacy in many provinces.

Extensive Building Projects: He established cities throughout the Balkan Peninsula, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece. In Rome, he rebuilt the Pantheon and Trajan’s Forum, and funded other construction projects. The enduring quality of these structures is noted, with the Pantheon still perfectly preserved today.
Philhellenism (Love of Greece): His deep affinity for Greek culture, earning him the nickname Graeculus, led to substantial contributions to Athens, including the completion of the Temple of Zeus and the construction of Hadrian's Arch (which honors him as a founder of the city).
Personal Devotion: His profound attachment to his young lover Antinous led him to deify the young man after his death and found the city of Antinopolis in his memory, creating a unique mystery cult.

HADRIAN AS EMPEROR VIDEO :

Policies as Emperor

Policies as Emperor

Hadrian wrote to the Senate requesting honours for his adoptive father and ratification of the army’s proclamation; all this was granted. The new emperor began a slow return to Italy. He had to make sure of the crucial provincial commands; it was also expedient to have some dissidents rounded up at home before his return and (he would be able to argue) on someone else’s orders. Trajan’s conquests in Armenia and Mesopotamia were quickly abandoned.
Acilius Attianus, as prefect of the Praetorian Guard, directed affairs in Rome before Hadrian’s return. He ordered the summary executions of four senators of exalted, consular rank, all (it would seem) threats to the security of Hadrian. This bloody prelude to the new regime was unsettling, and Hadrian affirmed it was contrary to his will; he laid the blame on Attianus, just as he often blamed instructions of the dead Trajan for other unpopular acts.
When Hadrian reached Rome in the summer of 118, his position was reasonably stable. He courted popular sentiment by public largesse, gladiatorial displays, and a formal cancellation of debts to the state. Attianus, however, was replaced, and his colleague in the prefecture, Sulpicius Similis, was also dismissed.
Hadrian installed as prefects the distinguished Marcius Turbo, a general to whom the new emperor owed much, and Septicius Clarus, the patron of Suetonius the biographer. Before many years had passed, both of these men had fallen into disgrace. Hadrian was mercurial or possibly just shrewdly calculating in dispensing favours.
The new emperor remained at Rome for three years. In 121 he set forth on a tour of the empire, west and east, to inspect troops and examine frontier defenses. He went to Gaul and Germany, thence to Britain in 122. From there he moved on to Spain and spent the winter in Tarraco, where he made arrangements for coping with an uprising in Mauretania (Morocco).
He next passed eastward, approaching Asia Minor (Anatolia) by the Aegean after an overland trip through the Balkans. He quickly negotiated some problems with the Parthians and then visited northwestern Asia Minor. Returning to the west coast in 124, he sailed to Athens and finally reached Rome again in 125. This prolonged absence from the capital of the empire had its administrative justifications. There had been disturbances in some provinces, and the Parthians had to be dealt with; there was a general need for imperial supervision. Nevertheless, another motive impelled the emperor in his journeys—namely, an insatiable curiosity about everything and everybody.
The Christian writer Tertullian called him rightly omnium curiositatum explorator, an explorer of everything interesting. That curiosity was bred of a keen intellect and an anguished spirit. These together drove him inexorably, and by a roundabout path, to the Greek East. After he left Spain early in 123, he never saw the western provinces again.
Hadrian soon came to look upon his reign as a new Augustan age. In 123 he began to style himself Hadrianus Augustus, deliberately evoking the memory of his great predecessor; he announced a golden age on his coinage. The peace he so much cherished was a latter-day Augustan peace, and he bequeathed to posterity a public statement of his exploits that imitated the one left by Augustus.
Hadrian spent another three years in Rome, but in 128 he set forth again. After a visit to North Africa, he went to Athens, and from there he sailed to Asia Minor; he penetrated far eastward into Syria and Arabia. Crossing over into Egypt, he explored the Nile; then, for the third time, he went to Athens. It is not certain whether Hadrian returned to Rome in 132 or a little later; he was certainly there in May of 134, but by then a revolt in Judaea forced him abroad still another time. He went to Palestine, not as a tourist but as a commander. That journey was Hadrian’s last.
Northumberland National Park; Hadrian’s Wall [Credit: Keith Edkins]The emperor’s travels show the man better than anything else and are marked by some of his most-memorable achievements. In northern Britain he initiated the construction of the tremendous frontier wall that bears his name from Wallsend-on-Tyne to Bowness-on-Solway. At Lambaesis, in Algeria, his rigorous inspection of the troops and his severe standards of discipline can be seen in a long inscription preserving an address he made to the soldiers in 128.
In Athens the emperor’s benefactions were numerous. At the Athenians’ request, he had their laws professionally redrafted, and he brought to completion the massive temple of Olympian Zeus that the Peisistratid tyrants had begun more than five centuries before. He created the Panhellenion, a federation of Greeks that was based at Athens, which gave equal representation to all Greek cities and thereafter played a conspicuous part in the history of Roman Greece. At the shrine of Delphi, Hadrian gave his support to a building renaissance.
The impact of all this on Hadrian personally cannot be exaggerated. Like Augustus before him, he was initiated into the Greek mystery religion at Eleusis, and, after the temple of Olympian Zeus was dedicated, he assumed the title Olympius.
The irrational element in Hadrian was important. He was an adept in astrology, like many intelligent Romans of the time. He was also an aesthete who ascended Mount Etna, in Sicily, and Jabal Agraʿ, near Syrian Antioch, simply to watch the sunrise. He had a lively sense of the past, preferring older writers to more recent ones, favouring archaism for its own sake. He revolutionized style in the empire by wearing a beard and setting a precedent for generations of emperors.
Antinoüs [Credit: Ricardo André Frantz]In Bithynium-Claudiopolis (modern Bolu) in northwestern Asia Minor, Hadrian encountered a languid youth, born about 110, by the name of Antinoüs. Captivated by him, Hadrian made Antinoüs his companion. When, as they journeyed together along the Nile in 130, the boy fell into the river and drowned,
Hadrian was desolate and wept openly. A report circulated and was widely believed that Antinoüs had cast himself deliberately into the river as a part of some sacred sacrifice. Although Hadrian himself denied this, the sober 3rd-century historian Dio Cassius thought it was the truth. The religious character, if such there was, of the relation between Hadrian and the boy is totally elusive.
The emotional involvement is, however, quite clear. Seeing Hadrian’s grief, the Greek world strove to provide suitable consolation for the bereaved and honour for the deceased. Cults of Antinoüs sprang up all over the East and then spread to the West. Statues of the boy became a common sight. In Egypt the city of Antinoöpolis commemorated his death.

Policies as Emperor VIDEO

Hadrian's Final years

Hadrian's final years were marked by illness, political turmoil over the succession, and his eventual death in 138 CE.

🤒 Declining Health and Isolation

By the early 130s CE, Hadrian began to suffer from a progressive, debilitating illness, possibly congestive heart failure. His symptoms included constant pain, edema (swelling), and exhaustion, which made him increasingly irritable and isolated.

Growing Suspicion: His poor health affected his temperament. He became more paranoid and suspicious, leading to several cruel and politically motivated executions of people he perceived as rivals or threats, including his own grand-nephew, who was executed for minor reasons.
Failed Suicide Attempts: The pain became so severe that historical accounts suggest Hadrian attempted suicide multiple times, once asking a palace physician to administer poison, but his requests were refused.

👑 The Succession Crisis

Hadrian had no natural heir, making the issue of succession paramount and highly challenging. His first choice for a successor died unexpectedly, forcing him to choose again.

First Chosen Heir (Lucius Aelius): In 136 CE, Hadrian adopted Lucius Ceionius Commodus (renamed Lucius Aelius Caesar). Hadrian quickly elevated him to consular status and sent him to Pannonia. However, Aelius fell ill and died on January 1, 138 CE, forcing Hadrian to pivot.
Final Chosen Heir (Antoninus Pius): A month after Aelius's death, Hadrian adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (later known as Antoninus Pius).
- Conditional Adoption: This adoption came with two crucial conditions: Antoninus had to adopt two younger men as his own successors.
- The Line of Succession: This intricate arrangement secured the future of the empire by setting up the two people Hadrian truly wanted to succeed him: Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. This carefully planned succession ensured stability and ushered in the golden age of the "Five Good Emperors."

⚰️ Death and Deification

Death: Hadrian died on July 10, 138 CE, at his villa in Baiae near Naples, at the age of 62.
Deification: Initially, the Senate was reluctant to grant him divine honors due to his executions during his final years. However, Antoninus successfully convinced the Senate to deify him (a filial duty that earned Antoninus the name "Pius," meaning dutiful), thereby ensuring the legitimacy of the entire line of succession.
Tomb: His remains were eventually interred in the magnificent Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome (now known as the Castel Sant'Angelo), which he had personally commissioned.

Hadrian's Final years VIDEO